Forensic Meteorology: The Science Behind Weather-Related Claims and Litigation
For more than 100 years, Haag has been leading the way in forensic engineering innovation, but did you know that Haag has also been at the forefront of forensic meteorology for decades? The team of Haag Certified Consulting Meteorologists (CCM) is currently providing detailed scientific analysis, thorough reports, and effective courtroom communication in a climate of ever-increasing billion-dollar weather-related disasters.
The highest number of billion-dollar (CPI-Adjusted) disaster events on record for the United States happened in 2023 and 2024. The five-year average cost of these disasters has more than doubled in a decade and grown nearly eightfold since 2000. Severe Convective Storms (SCS) with impacts including damaging hail, straight-line winds, derechos, and tornadoes are playing a larger role in U.S. property insurance costs. For instance, a derecho that swept through Houston, Texas, in May 2024, caused more damage to buildings than Hurricane Beryl in July 2024, according to a recent study which highlighted the tunneling effect of sudden wind bursts during severe storms in urban areas. Now, more than ever, a detailed analysis is vital to understanding structural impacts from extreme weather events.
What is Forensic Meteorology?
Forensic meteorologists reconstruct the weather conditions for a particular time and place utilizing all available data. Haag meteorologists use several tools when analyzing past weather conditions. Among them are Doppler radar data, in-situ weather observations from dozens of reporting networks, storm reports originating from trained spotters, general public, media, emergency managers, plus National Weather Service forecasts, advisories, watches and warnings, and even photos and videos.
Using this wealth of available data, our expertise and training we conduct an analysis which provides important information for resolving insurance claims, disputes, and court cases. For example, a site-specific weather evaluation can determine if the giant hail that occurred across town also happened at the property in question or whether the extensive hurricane damage to a home was initiated by storm surge or winds. In personal injury cases, we can create a detailed timeline of weather events, forecasts, and advisories. Maybe you have a case where it’s unclear if conditions were conducive to black ice forming, and if such conditions were foreseeable – we can piece it together.
Beyond Automated (AI) Reports: The Value of Expert Meteorologist
In 2025, AI is everywhere, including in automated weather verification reports that attempt to determine specific past weather conditions (usually hail size and/or wind gusts) for a location. While these reports can seem like an effective low-cost alternative to a detailed weather analysis, they’re often plagued by the “garbage in, garbage out” problem. The radar data and algorithms that these reports rely upon may not be sufficient to determine what weather occurred, and the conclusion can be far from reality. Furthermore, because the data in these reports cannot be verified, experts have been precluded from giving testimony which relies on the reports.
A recent appellate court decision in Florida granted a new trial after an expert based his opinion on “Benchmark” data which came from an algorithm with no support or independent corroboration of the data’s reliability. After a Haag desk review, our Certified Consulting Meteorologist knows which data is most reliable for each assignment, and that expertise will ensure that our opinion is valid to a reasonable degree of meteorological certainty.


The Growth of Forensic Meteorology
A recent report suggests that nearly half of the homes in the United States are vulnerable to severe weather or a climate risk. As extreme weather and its impacts become more common, a well-researched and detailed weather analysis is an essential tool for helping to resolve weather-related insurance claims, disputes and court cases. The Haag Forensic Meteorology team works closely with insurance companies, homeowners, business owners, and lawyers to provide clarity when there is disagreement about past weather events. Our services can be retained independently or in coordination with our forensic engineering team, allowing for specialized, high-impact analysis of weather-related impacts on structures.
Haag reports have provided strong evidence in support of summary judgement or a favorable settlement, and our meteorologists have litigation experience in civil and criminal cases across the United States. The team has provided forensic weather analysis on cases including property damage for hail and wind claims, tropical systems, flash flooding and river flooding, wind vs. wave storm surge analysis, extreme cold (burst pipes), roof collapse, and personal injury or wrongful death cases resulting from snow/ice slip and fall, weather-related vehicular accidents including black ice, dust, and sun glare, maritime claims, drought, and hot car deaths.
Forensic Meteorology Applications
Large Claim: Hail and Water Damage
An insurer retained Haag meteorology in a large loss claim involving a dispute over possible hail damage to a commercial property. Our forensic weather consultant was able to determine that there was no hail on the date claimed and provided a comprehensive historical analysis, including a detailed report on a date when severe (1-2 inch) hail occurred a full year earlier than was claimed at the vacant property. At the suggestion of the Haag meteorologist, a further analysis was conducted to determine how many times the property had received rain that exacerbated the interior water damage from the opening caused by the 1-2 inch hail storm.
Vehicular Crash: Wind or Rain as the Cause
After a vehicle accident involving two semi-trucks, the driver of the truck which crossed into oncoming traffic claimed his vehicle was pushed across the road by a gust of wind from a nearby thunderstorm. After analyzing the meteorological conditions near the site of the accident, including official weather observations, severe weather reports, and radar data, the Haag meteorologist determined that the wind was likely only 30-40 mph at the time and location of the accident and that heavy rain (hydroplaning) likely played a larger role in the loss of control of the vehicle.
Haag's Forensic Meteorology Team
Haag’s roots in meteorology are deep. Storm-chasing pioneer Tim Marshall, P.E., Forensic Engineer/Meteorologist, started with Haag in 1983 and he surveyed most major hurricanes and tornadoes in the past 30-plus years. Tim has also written or contributed to more than 100 articles and technical papers, and given hundreds of lectures on storm damage at meteorological and engineering conferences. As Tim settles into well-earned emeritus status, a new generation of Haag meteorologists carries on the legacy of detailed analysis, thorough reports, and effective courtroom communication into the future.
The forensic weather consultants on the Haag Meteorology team have more than 60 years of combined professional experience. Every full-time meteorologist with Haag has been awarded the Certified Consulting Meteorologist distinction by the American Meteorological Society. This ensures that the members of the Haag Meteorology team have the knowledge, professional standards, and personal integrity needed for every assignment.
Whether it’s a complex property damage claim, a slip and fall personal injury dispute or even a wrongful death case at sea, Haag meteorologists can assist with any weather-related issue.
If you’ve never worked with a forensic weather consultant, but you have a case or claim with a dispute about the weather conditions– contact us here or give us a call (214-614-6500). We are happy to explain exactly what we can provide to potentially strengthen your case and see if we’re a fit for your project.

Fred Campagna, CCM, CBM, Director of Forensic Meteorology
- 13 years as a consulting and forensic meteorologist
- 26 years on-air in broadcast television, including in Boston and Atlanta
- One of a few meteorologists with both the AMS Certified Consulting Meteorologist (CCM) and Certified Broadcast Meteorologist (CBM) distinction
- Experience in more than 300 forensic meteorology investigations
- Testimony experience at trial (civil/criminal), deposition, and arbitration

Pat Hyland, CCM, Senior Forensic Meteorologist
- Former Severe Weather Research Meteorologist with the NOAA National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL)
- One of approximately 230 active AMS Certified Consulting Meteorologists
- Produced Haag’s first for-credit Continuing Education (CE) Course on Forensic Meteorology
- First full-time meteorologist employed in the over 100-year history of Haag
- Testimony experience at trial and deposition

Jared Leighton, CCM, Senior Forensic Meteorologist
- 17 years with the National Weather Service in severe and winter weather operations
- Five published, peer-reviewed articles, with emphasis on remote detection of large/giant hail
- One of approximately 230 active AMS Certified Consulting Meteorologists
- Experience in more than 100 forensic meteorology investigations including wind, hail, tornado, tropical systems, snow and ice, vehicle accidents
- Testimony experience at trial, deposition and arbitration

Kyle Pittman, Associate Forensic Meteorologist
- PhD Candidate at Northern Illinois University
- Degrees in atmospheric science from University of Nebraska (M.S.), Northern Illinois University (B.S.)
- Instructor for undergraduate weather forecasting class at NIU
- Experience on multiple field campaigns advancing our understanding of thunderstorm development, evolution, and hazards
- Experience in more than 60 forensic meteorology investigations
Fred Campagna, Director of Forensic Meteorology
Fred Campagna is Director of Forensic Meteorology for Haag, a Salas O’Brien Company. He is a veteran on-air meteorologist with 26 years’ experience in Atlanta, Boston, and throughout the Northeast. Mr. Campagna has worked as a forensic and consulting meteorologist for 12 years. He is President and Chief Meteorologist at Right Weather LLC, where he provides private forecasts for weather-dependent businesses and municipalities.
Mr. Campagna’s certifications include American Meteorological Society’s Certified Consulting Meteorologist designation, September 2020, and American Meteorological Society’s Certified Broadcast Meteorologist designation in March 2006. He was awarded American Meteorological Society’s Television Seal of Approval, among numerous other honors and awards.
Any opinions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of Haag or Salas O’Brien.